Senior Project Firefighting free essay sample

Firemen face different obstacles every day and have to be ready to jump right in with whatever the circumstance may be. Tactics such as how to use ventilation tools, the proper way to handle forest fires, and the basic prevention techniques to stay as safe and efficient as possible. Becoming a fireman is not cut out for someone who is not athletically gifted. It takes a strong person; both mentally and physically, do complete the drills that one must see every day. The equipment alone is all extremely heavy and powerful. There are many things that most people are unaware of when it comes to the basic characteristics of being a firefighter. Overview of Firefighting When the average person thinks of being a firefighter, they usually imagine cute Dalmatian dogs, loud sirens, heavy clothes, huge water hoses, poles to slide down, and giant ladders. Firefighting is a more complex job than people think because it has many characteristics that we do not think of. We will write a custom essay sample on Senior Project: Firefighting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aspects such as the various types of technology used, the different tactics you see on a day to day basis, the physical abilities one must be capable of, and the types of equipment used. It takes both physical and mental strength to get through a day of saving lives and fighting fires. This paper discusses the topics that examine why there is more to being a fireman than just loud sirens and huge water hoses. Today’s technology has played a huge role in the amount of lives saved these past years. Some people say that some technology today is even more intelligent than the human mind that created it. The firefighters have come up with a new device called the â€Å"Rotor Craft†. The Rotorcraft is a heavy duty helicopter used to put forest fires or very large fires out. It is basically a heavier-than-air flying machine that uses lift generated by wings, called rotor blades, that revolve around a mast. Several rotor blades mounted on a single mast are known as a rotor. The International Civil Aviation Organization defines a rotorcraft as supported in flight by the reactions of the air on one or more rotors. Rotorcrafts generally are aircrafts where one or more rotors are required to provide lift throughout the entire flight. Compound rotorcraft may also include additional thrust engines or propellers and static lifting surfaces. There are several different types of tactics and strategies used for firefighting. One of the first thing they do in order to complete their proper duties, are immediately stop what they are doing in an act of an emergency when they get a call. This is an important aspect that must be properly done because it is urgent that all the fire fighters get to the scene as fast as possible. Another important procedure that must be followed is being quick to change into the firefighter’s proper clothing. If this is not done in a fast amount of time, then someone’s life could be ticking away. Firemen also use many tools to help them complete their job on an everyday basis. There are ventilation masks that help to allow them to encounter situations where they can breathe properly without injuring their lungs. Once they are on scene, firefighters are each assigned various tasks. For example, the engineers would control the fire hoses while the captain directs all the other men to their own specific jobs. It is very important that everyone has their own jobs to complete so that various tasks are being completed at one time to insure quick outcomes. Forest fires are one of the larger jobs that a firefighter has to work on, and also the most dangerous. When one is fighting a forest fire, it is not known how that fire is going to react to the way you are fighting it. The wind, precipitation, and altitude has to do with how extreme a fire is. Bigger tools such as water helicopters, called rotorcraft’s, are used to help put out fires by dumping water or fire retardant chemicals from up above. Firemen also can put fires out faster by cutting down trees and digging trenches. This allows fire to have no place else to go and eventually puts itself out. Physical fitness is very important for firefighters, because if they were weak then they robably shouldn’t be a firefighter since there are so many tasks they perform that require them to have muscular strength and endurance. Firefighters go through a series of boot camps that help them prepare for the difficult job of saving lives. One must also be fearless of heights for fighting fires on tall buildings or bridges or some fore of architecture. A firefighter’s physical state also helps them with rigorous drills. The physical abilities of a firefighter can help with real life situations, for example; carrying operating tools, pulling hose lines, search and rescue missions, or pushing ceilings or walls down. There are a series of equipment a firefighter uses daily. To start off, they have very heavy duty saws in which they can cut through most things you would not think they could possibly cut through. There are also axes, which are also very heavy duty for the tasks they must perform. Sledge hammers are also used, to knock down walls and break down doors and clear paths. And of course, the hoses they use are very thick and high pressured to perform maximum distance, because the further the distance the hose can spray, the further away the firefighters have to be from the scene, and the more safe they are. Some other equipment would be things they wear. For instance, heat censored goggles that make it easier to find humans or animals in a smoke filled environment. Firefighting requires many different Special Forces. One special force would be airport fire fighters, whom are not just for emergencies. They take shifts operating fuel trucks and checking out aircraft fire hazards and making sure every plane is safe before its next departure. SCBA is a term used in this career that stands for self-contained breathing apparatus. SCBA can also be used for underwater emergencies as well, giving necessary oxygen when needed. There are also teams of firemen who complete special rescue missions who use their own specific technique to fight a fire based on their specific region. Hazardous Material Technicians are firemen who are sent to help in hazardous situations and who have had the proper education and training to deal with these sorts of extreme situations. Discussion The progression of technology and the different tactics that firemen face have both proven that firefighting is a more complex career than most people hink. There are objects such as rotor crafts and sensor detectors that help firemen do what needs to be done during their time of duty. In addition to technology and tactics backing up the fact that firefighting is a bigger job than most of us think, physical fitness and the various types of equipment, also go hand in hand with this statement. It is proven that without the proper physical fitness, the tactics needed to be done in this career, could not be done correctly if one is not physically fit. It takes a strong person both physically and mentally to complete all firefighting skills. The equipment used for firefighting situations can make or break an emergency. Without proper equipment, a fireman might not be able to enter a house full of smoke or break open a crushed car door. Firefighting is a more complex job because it takes more to get this job done than the average person thinks. If it were not for the many tools and equipment, technology, special tactics, and physical fitness, then our world would not have the help of fire fighters for today’s emergencies. Being a firefighter is not a career for everyone. Though it is an extremely rewarding job, it takes someone who is hard-working and committed, and who can go home with a smile on their face knowing they saved lives. There are many different positions in the fire department, so anyone would fit in with the firefighting business. References Knapp, Jerry. (2009). New Technology to Improve Firefighter Safety amp; Efficiency. Internet. http://www. fireengineering. com/articles/2009/03/new-technology-to-improve-firefighter-safety-efficiency. html Faulkenhan, Mark. (2011). Archives for Firefighting Strategy and Tactics. Internet. http://thecompanyofficer. com/tag/firefighting-strategy-and-tactics/ Duty, Michael. (2012). Airport Firefighting Jobs. Internet. http://www. ehow. com/about_4762712_airport-firefighter-jobs. html Hinckley, Michael. (2012). What Equipment Do Firefighters Use? Internet. http://www. ehow. com/about_4672931_what-equipment-do-firefighters-use. html Dunn, Vincent. (2005). 50 Ways Firefighters Live. Internet. http://vincentdunn. com/nj/50-Ways- Firefighters%20-Survive%20. pdf Quick, Victoria. (2010). A Safer Search: Mastering the Firefighter-oriented Search Method. Internet. http://my. firefighternation. com/profiles/blogs/a-safer-search-mastering-the Locke, Jessica. (2011). No Second Chance for 9/11 FDNY Firefighters. Internet. http://firefightersfund. blogspot. com/ Richards-Gustafson, Flora. (2010). Types of Firefighting Jobs. Internet. http://www. ehow. com/info_8140613_types-firefighter-jobs. html Prziborowski, Steve. (2010). Becoming A Firefighter: 10 Must-do Things. Internet. http://www. firerescue1. com/fire-jobs-search/articles/755562-becoming-a-firefighter-10-must-do-things/

Understanding Splinter Words in English Grammar

Understanding Splinter Words in English Grammar In  the branch of linguistics known as morphology, a splinter is defined as a fragment of a word used in the formation of new words. Examples of splinters include  -tarian  and -terian (from vegetarian, as in the coinages eggitarian,  fisheterian, and meatatarian)  and -holic (shopaholic, chocoholic, textaholic, foodaholic). The splinter is formally identical to a clipping, but whereas clippings function as full words, splinters do not (Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics, 2009). The morphological term splinter was  coined by linguist J.M. Berman in Contribution on Blending in  Zeitschrift fà ¼r Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 1961. Examples and Observations English has lots of splinters, among them tastic, as in funktastic or fishtastic, which is used to form mostly ironic words meaning excellent or great in reference to X, originally from fantastic, or licious, as in bagelicious or bootielicious, which is used to form words meaning appealing in reference to X, originally from the word delicious. The difference between a splinter and a true suffix is that speakers understand splinters  in relation to the original word from which the ending splits off. If these bits survive and continue to give rise to new forms, though, they might someday be real suffixes!(Rochelle Lieber,  Introducing Morphology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2016)Blends, unlike regular compounds, are . . . based on analogy rather than on rules. For instance, the occurrence of the splinter -licious (from delicious) in beaulicious and bootylicious has attracted some new coinages: e.g. Girlicious (a musical lady trio), Kittylicious (referring to Hello Kitty mov ies), and Lehrers (2007) jocular blendalicious.(Elisa Mattiello, Extra-Grammatical Morphology in English: Abbreviations, Blends, Reduplicatives, and Related  Phenomena. Walter de Gruyter, 2013) What Happens to SplintersSplinters arise through the process of blending . . .. Thus, -nomics in Thatchernomics is a splinter, recurring in Reaganomics, Rogernomics, Nixonomics, etc.Splinters may have any one of three possible fates. They may disappear. I suspect that this is what has happened to -teria (a splinter from cafeteria which had a brief flourishing in words like washeteria but now seem to have become unavailable). They may become productive affixes. This appears to be what has happened with -nomics, cited above, although it is of very low productivity. They may become independent words. This is what has happened to burger, originally a reanalysis from hamburger which shows up in beefburger and cheeseburger.Since splinters may turn into affixes or words, we appear to have a situation where it is not clear whether new forms using the splinter will be derivatives or compounds. The -scape which emerged from landscape might be a case in point, though the Oxford English Dictiona ry lists so many instances of its being used independently that there can be little doubt as to its status as a word now. On the other hand, if we believe the Oxford English Dictionary, -cade (from cavalcade into motorcade) has become an affix.(Laurie Bauer, The Borderline Between Derivation and Compounding, in Morphology and Its Demarcations, ed. by Wolfgang U. Dressler. John Benjamins, 2005) Splinters in Blends[Blends] may be composed of two elements called splinters (ballute from balloon and parachute), or only one element is a splinter and the other element is a full word (escalift from escalator and lift, needcessity from need and necessity). . . . A special punning effect is achieved when one constituent echoes in some way the word or word-fragment it replaces, for example, foolosopher echoing philosopher, or fakesimile, echoing facsimile.(Pavol Ã…  tekauer, English Word-Formation: A History of Research, 1960-1995. Narr, 2000)

Philosophical issus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophical issus - Essay Example Under the scrutiny of minimum conception of morality, Cultural relativism is critical as it serves the better part of group interest while at least capturing individual interests that are culture dependent. It is important to underline the ethical theory of utilitarianism which defines wrong or right in terms of the outcome of an action among the several alternative choices. In this concept, the aspect of utility emphasizes the right act as the action choice with the minimum bad results. In regard to minimum conception of morality, utilitarianism works outside the limits of individual interests and captures the interest of others. In other words, Utilitarianism seeks to govern conflicts between self-interest and common interests with the goal of optimal happiness of the greatest number(Rachels and James 116-9). For instance government decisions are based on the majority desire which may conflict with individuals with different wishes and such proposals vary across cultural framework of each country. This asserts that utilitarianism subscribe to the minimum conception of morality. According to Kant, some actions are wrong even if it would amount to more happiness than otherwise. In this moral theory concept, wrong or right consideration of an action is not dependent on consequences but individual obligation to do what is good for humanity. Kant attempts to answer the question of whether an individual’s action respects the goals of human beings rather than merely using them for personal purposes. In this respect Kant emphasizes consideration of other people’s interest in each individual’s action hence subscribing to the minimum conception of morality Social Contract Theory explains that morality constitute a set rules that govern behavior of people in the society such that rational persons will accept a given code of behavior on condition that others accept such standards as

Franz Peter Schubert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Franz Peter Schubert - Essay Example He worked at his father’s office until the spring of 1986 and pursued his application for a higher position. From that year onwards, he failed to get a regular job. He became a freelance musician, earning money only where and when opportunity allowed him. The popularity of his music won him a lot of friends who supported him when he was financially incapable. He was not really concerned with generating income to feed and clothe himself. All he wanted to do was to focus on his musical career by writing compositions (Hurd 294).Schubert’s works have gained wide popularity and they began to appear in print in 1821. At first, his musical compositions were paid for by private subscribers. However, his musical genius was highly regarded as he was later paid by regular publishers. Entering a new a more assured phase, he wrote more piano sonatas and was elected to the Vienna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde (Franz Schubert).Schubert became famous in Viennese musical circles. Schube rt-Evenings or Schubertiads were frequently conducted where he played his latest works to his friends who were artists, poets, and wealthy bourgeoisie. His circle of friends includes Josef von Spaun, Johann Mayrhofer, and Franz von Schober. This elite circle gave him access to influential contacts like the Sonnleithners and the baritone J.M. Volg (Franz Schubert). The death of Schubert in 1828 was due to typhus. After a few days’ illness, he died and was buried in a grave near Beethoven’s (Hurd 294).... However, his musical genius was highly regarded as he was later paid by regular publishers. Entering a new a more assured phase, he wrote more piano sonatas and was elected to the Vienna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde (Franz Schubert). Schubert became famous in Viennese musical circles. Schubert-Evenings or Schubertiads were frequently conducted where he played his latest works to his friends who were artists, poets, and wealthy bourgeoisie. His circle of friends includes Josef von Spaun, Johann Mayrhofer and Franz von Schober. This elite circle gave him access to influential contacts like the Sonnleithners and the baritone J.M. Volg (Franz Schubert). The death of Schubert in 1828 was due to typhus. After a few days' illness, he died and was buried in a grave near Beethoven's (Hurd 294). His Music: Schubert is known as one o the most prolific composers of melodies in his period, with his capacity to write almost eight compositions in a day. Schubert wrote over 600 songs. The two most famous are Die Schune Mullerin and Die Winterreise. His most well known chamber music includes Piano Quintet in A major-The Trout, Piano Quartet in D minor-'The Death of the Maiden,' Octet in F major and String Quintet in C major. He was able to writ 15 string quartets, 14 piano sonatas, and sets of dances and variations for piano, as well as the remarkable 'Wanderer Fantasy.' Schubert has composed 10 symphonies, the most important ones are No. 4 in C minor-'The Tragic,' No. 5 in B flat major, No. 6 in C major, No. 8 in B minor--'The Unfinished,' and No. 9 in C major-'The Great C major." His choral music includes Mass in A flat, Mass in E flat, and many short choral songs with piano accompaniment. Schubert also

A Proposal for the Richmond Hill Fundraising Activity Essay

A Proposal for the Richmond Hill Fundraising Activity - Essay Example The expenses for these kinds of special program include setting up of the venue, arrangement of furniture and fixtures, arrangements for car wash and beauty therapy, printing of brochures and banners as an advertisement material.The fund raising activity requires adequate planning and there is a need for careful organizing and staffing. Planning needs to be made at least 4 weeks prior to the event. There is a need for a number of resources which are very essential in carrying out the fund raising program. The fund raising program calls for excellent entrepreneurship skills and characteristics for the success of the desired venture. For this event, the aimed target market is one and therefore special programs like car wash and beauty therapy have been arranged in order to generate more funds than that has been estimated at Richmond Hill. There is requirement for materials, financial and human resources for the conduction of this fund raising program. All these resources need to be coo rdinated accordingly for the success of this program and for this, entrepreneurship skill is a must in the project manager. ‘Raising fund for providing clothing to Tsunami victims.’Present Source of capital – annual fund, low priced car washes and beauty therapy.Richmond Hill has been well recognized for raising funds for the community and this demonstrates its commitment to the community. The name of this event is ‘Raising fund for providing clothing to those affected.

Ethics of the MMR controversy

Ethics of the MMR controversy Introduction: In February 1998 Dr. Andrew Wakefield from Londons Royal Free Hospital suggested a link between the combined MMR vaccination and autism (Guardian, 2008). This link was widely reported by the media, causing parents to doubt the safety of vaccinating their children. As a result there was a huge campaign by the Health Protection Agency to reassure parents that the vaccine was indeed safe, but public opinion is still divided and this lack of vaccination has created a window for infection (General Medical Community, 2009) and a steep rise in reported cases of Measles. This essay will review the ethical implications of Dr. Wakefields work and those involved in the unfolding MMR Controversy. Should the paper have been published? Did the people and organisations involved act ethically? The Media: Despite the minor nature of Dr. Wakefields paper Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children the press ran with its findings, using headlines such as Fresh safety fears raised over MMR jab, New MMR link found to autism, MMR fears gain support, MMR risk of brain disorders?- from the Daily Mail gaining support from previous ministry aides, columnists and writers (Smith 2004). Even in 2001 the Blairs (the then Prime Minister and his wife Cherie) were asked if Leo, their youngest son, had been given the MMR vaccine, and refused to answer (Goldacre, 2008); lending further credence to the idea that the vaccine was unsafe. It has been stated by the BBC (BBC, 2003) that the public believed that the debate over the MMR vaccination was split equally, with G Ps and medical practitioners taking both sides and only 23% aware that the evidence was clearly in support of the combined MMR vaccine. The study was undertaken by Cardiff University between January and September 2002 and surveyed over 1,000 people. With close scrutiny paid to over 2,000 media (papers, radio and TV) reports. The survey concluded that 48% of people feel that journalists, should not (until findings are backed by further investigations and studies) report alarming research however this is still a minority view. Professor Lewis of Cardiff Universitys School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies released the following statement: The research also has implications for the debate about fairness in journalism, suggesting that legal definitions of impartiality in broadcast journalism should not be interpreted in a simplistic fashion, BBC, 2003. Further research, such as that by Chen and DeStefano (1998), quite clearly states that misinterpretation of Dr. Wakefields research could have been avoided by clarifying the difference between causality and association but the lack of such definition to the media and public can partially be blamed for the ensuing state of affairs. However the MMR scandal does not end with Dr. Wakefields paper; further articles such as MMR jab new autism link' published by the Sun (Thornton, 2003) or New fear over MMR link with rising Autism by the Telegraph (Adams, 2007) are still fuelling the debate and causing public concern years after the initial study was published in the Lancet Journal. Doubt is occurring despite a massive coordinated effort by the biomedical community to debunk such research showing the grip that this story has had on the population for over 10 years. Some articles have been published in the media criticising the way in which the MMR controversy has been handled although these are far and few between, such and article would be the ONeills The medias MMR shame from the Guardian, 2006. The Researchers: Dr. Andrew Wakefield may have been the public face of the MMR scare but he was not alone in completing the study that started it all, the full list of names sites 13 co-writers, their names and roles are listed in the original journal article: A J Wakefield was the senior scientific investigator. S H Murch and M A Thomson did the colonoscopies. A Anthony, AP Dhillon, and S E Davies carried out the histopathology. J Linnell did the B12 studies. D M Casson and M Malik did the clinical assessment. M Berelowitz did the psychiatric assessment. P Harvey did the neurological assessment. A Valentine did the radiological assessment. J Walker-Smith* was the senior clinical investigator. (Wakefield et al. 1998) Edited to include full Surname original citation refers to J W-S It has to be asked if key personnel involved with controversial aspects of the study acted ethically and trying to answer this question can only be answered by investigating senior team members and their respective roles separately. Dr. Andrew J Wakefield: In March 2004, Dr. E Harris (opposition politician), first raised the issue of unethical behaviour (on Dr. Wakefields part) during the study. As head of the study (Senior Scientific Investigator (Wakefield et al., 1998)) Dr. Wakefield would have had to have sought permission from the Royal Free Hospitals ethics board before commencing his studies. It was alleged by Harris that, after approval was granted, Wakefield changed the methodology to include lumbar punctures involving sedation (unknown, 2004). This public outing of Dr. Wakefields proposed misconduct and subsequent complaints by Harris resulted in an enquiry by the General Medical Council, unearthing more damaging claims (General Medical Council, 2010). It was found that children were subject to unnecessary colonoscopies, lumbar punches and barium meals (without approval), that Wakefield was not allowed to treat children and children were enrolled that did not fit the strict conditional prerequisites of the study (Boseley, 2010). But Dr. Wakefields short comings were not simply confined to the methodology of the study; he was also found have conflicting interests something that was not declared in the paper submitted to the Lancet journal. In 1997 Wakefield had filed a patent (on behalf of Royal Free Hospital) for a vaccine against measles and for treating IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease), he had (in February 1998) applied for ethical approval to trial a new measles vaccine under a new company called Immunospecifics Biotechnologies Ltdand been found to have paid children  £5, at his sons birthday party, to take unethical blood samples (Boseley, 2010). Further research regarding Wakefields conflicting interests, in particular his involvement with Immunospecifics Biotechnologies Ltdunearths some controversial evidence, the proposed CEO of the aforementioned company was the father of child 10 (a child involved in the study), with Wakefield and this gentlemen to share equity of the company. It was found that Wakefield and Walker-Smith applied for permission and started trials of an alternative therapy Transfer Factor, that was to be produced by Immunospecifics Biotechnologies Ltd on child 10, also deemed; abuse of [Wakefields] position of trust as a medical practitioner text and quotation; (DeeTee, 2010). The basis for Wakefields Transfer Factor treatment can be found in the work of Dr. Herman H Fundenberg (author of Dialysable lymphocyte extract (DlyE) in infantile onset autism: A pilot study., published in discontinued fringe journal Biotherapy(Fundenberg, 1996)) a discredited and indefinitely suspended American doctor, who has admitted to treating patience at home with his own bone marrow. Fundenberg not only provide the basis research for Transfer Factor, he is cited as co-inventor on the filed patents (Deer, 2004). Dr. Wakefields involvement in the MMR Controversy did not go unnoticed and in 2001 the Telegraph ran Anti-MMR doctor is forced out, reporting that he was asked to leave his post at the London Free Hospital; he cited unpopular research results as reasoning. Since then Dr. Wakefield has worked for the International Child Development Resource Center in connection with a Christian ministry called the Good News Doctor Foundation. He maintains that his results are accurate (BBC, 2010). As a consequence of the General Medical Councils findings Dr Wakefield has been found guilty of misconduct and could be struck off as a result (Rose, 2010). References: Guardian. (2008). Timeline: MMR controversy. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/dec/02/health-medicalresearch. Last accessed 15 Feb 2010. General Medicine Community. (2009). Imposing Measles Epidemic Due to MMR Controversy. Available: http://stanford.wellsphere.com/general-medicine-article/imposing-measles-epidemic-due-to-mmr-controversy/603680. Last accessed 15 Feb 2010. Smith, J. (2004). The Real MMR Conspiracy. Available: http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/joan-smith/the-real-mmr-conspiracy-545872.html. Last accessed 16 Feb 2010. Goldacre, B. (2008). The Medias MMR Hoax.Available: http://www.badscience.net/2008/08/the-medias-mmr-hoax/. Last accessed 16 Feb 2010. BBC. (2003). Parents misled by media over MMR. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/3038607.stm. Last accessed 16 Feb 2010. Chen, R DeStefano, F. (1998). Vaccine adverse events: causal or coincidental?. The Lancet. 351, 611-612. Thornton, J. (2003). MMR jab new autism link. Available: http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article78818.ece. Last accessed 17 Feb 2010 Adams, S. (2007). New fear over MMR link with rising autism. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1556883/New-fear-over-MMR-link-with-rising-autism.html. Last accessed 17 Feb 2010. Wakefield et al. (1998). Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 351 (1), 639-641. unknown. (2004). The Single Injections, and Dr. Wakefields Lack of Ethics. Available: http://www.fatherslobby.com/vaccinations/single_injections.html. Last accessed 17 Feb 2010. Boseley, S. (2010). Andrew Wakefield found irresponsible by GMC over vaccine scare. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/jan/28/andrew-wakefield-mmr-vaccine. Last accessed 17 Feb 2010. DeeTee. (2010). The GMC on Wakefield. Available: http://layscience.net/node/924. Last accessed 17 Feb 2010 Fudenberg HH.(1996). Dialysable lymphocyte extract (DLyE) in infantile onset autism: a pilot study. Biotherapy 1996; 9: 13-17. Deer, B. (2004). Royal Frees autism pill partner, Herman Hugh Fudenberg, wasnt fit to prescribe. Available: http://briandeer.com/wakefield/hugh-fudenberg.htm. Last accessed 17 Feb 2010. General Medical Council. (2010). Fitness to practice panel hearing: 28 January 2010. Available: http://www.gmc-uk.org/static/documents/content/Wakefield__Smith_Murch.pdf Last Accessed 17 Feb 2010. Rose, D. (2010). Fall of Andrew Wakefield, dishonest doctor who started MMR scare. Available: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article7006525.ece. Last accessed 17 Feb 2010. Fraser, L. (2001). Anti-MMR doctor is forced out. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1364080/Anti-MMR-doctor-is-forced-out.html. Last accessed 17 Feb 2010. BBC. (2010). Profile: Dr Andrew Wakefield. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3513365.stm. Last accessed 18 Feb 2010. ONeill, B. (2006). The medias MMR shame. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/jun/16/whenjournalismkills. Last accessed 18 Feb 2010.

Oral Diseases During Pregnancy Health And Social Care Essay

Pregnancy is a delicate status affecting complex physical and physiological alterations. Pregnancy constitutes a particular physiological province characterized by a series of impermanent adaptative alterations in organic structure construction, as the consequence of an increased production of estrogens, Lipo-Lutin, gonadotrophins, and relaxin, among other endocrines. The unwritten pit is besides affected by such endocrinal actions, and may show both transient and irreversible alterations every bit good as alterations that are considered pathological [ 1 ] . Pregnant adult females are peculiarly susceptible to gingival and periodontic disease. In this context, different unwritten lesions are reported to be common during gestation. In consequence, an increased prevalence of dental changes excessively has been documented, including peculiarly cavities and erodings [ 2 ] . The biochemical and hormonal alterations of gestation enhance the hazard. Since the old married womans ‘ narrative of â€Å" the loss of a tooth for every gestation, † unwritten wellness during gestation has long been a focal point of involvement [ 3 ] . Vergnes and Sixou [ 4 ] , in their systematic, a meta-analytic reappraisal of 17 articles concluded that there was a statistically important association between periodontal disease and inauspicious gestation results. Perinatal mortality rates in Pakistan and many other developing states are more than 10-fold greater than in developed states. In a survey on periodontic disease and inauspicious birth results in pregnant Pakistani adult females, it was found that they have high degrees of moderate-to-severe dental disease. It was concluded that spontaneous abortion and neonatal and perinatal deceases increased with the badness of periodontic disease [ 5 ] . Patients, doctors, and tooth doctors are cautious, frequently avoiding intervention of unwritten wellness issues during gestation. This job is compounded by a deficiency of clinical guidelines for the direction of common unwritten conditions in gestation. In the absence of pattern guidelines, fright of medico legal action based on negligent or deficient intervention of unwritten conditions during gestation abounds, but it is mostly baseless [ 6 ] . In add-on to a deficiency of pattern criterions, barriers to dental attention during gestation include unequal dental insurance, relentless myths about the effects of gestation on dental wellness, and concerns for fetal safety during dental intervention [ 7 ] . Common PROBLEMS DURING PREGNANCY Oral lesions: During gestation, the unwritten pit is exposed more frequently to gastric acid that can gnaw dental enamel. Morning illness is a common cause early in gestation ; subsequently, a slack esophageal sphincter and upward force per unit area from the big womb can do or worsen acerb reflux. Patients with terrible purging can hold enamel erodings. Rinsing the oral cavity with a teaspoon of baking sodium carbonate in a cup of H2O or using tooth mousse ( casein phosphopeptide formless Ca phosphate ) on the dentition after purging can neutralize acid. Pregnant adult females should be advised to avoid brushing their dentitions instantly after purging and to utilize a toothbrush with soft bristles when they do brush to cut down the hazard of enamel harm. Fluoride gargle can protect eroded or sensitive dentitions. Dental Cavities: An increased prevalence of dental changes has been documented, including peculiarly cavities ( 99.38 % ) [ 2 ] . Pregnant adult females are at higher hazard of tooth decay for several grounds ; including increased sourness in the unwritten pit, sugary dietetic cravings, and limited attending to unwritten wellness. Untreated dental cavities can take to unwritten abscess and facial cellulitis. Pregnant patients should diminish their hazard of cavities by brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and restricting sugary nutrients. Patients with untreated cavities and associated complications should be referred to a tooth doctor for unequivocal intervention. If the female parent ( infecting individual ) has high salivary mutans streptococci count, transmittal occurs through several day-to-day spit contacts between the kid and the female parent. The acquisition of mutans streptococci is suggested to happen during a distinct age interval: a â€Å" window of infectivity † between 19 and 31 months in which the proportion of kids with MS additions from 25 % to 75 % [ 8 ] . Numerous literatures have stated that both hapless nutrition and low birth weight are risk factors for the development of early childhood cavities ( ECC ) . ECC is an early arising, potentially lay waste toing and deadly signifier of dental cavities. It non merely does dentitions, but consequences in hurting, infection and damage of unwritten map which leads to malnutrition and lessened quality of life. Under- or malnourished babies and babies with low birth weight are at hazard for enamel hypoplasia ( uncomplete formation of enamel ) [ 9 ] . Enamel hypoplasia may do an irregular enamel surface or stain, which can ensue in countries more prone to cavities. Therefore, pregnant female parents should be advised to optimise nutrition during the 3rd trimester and the baby ‘s first twelvemonth, when the enamel is undergoing ripening. Pregnancy Oral Tumor: Pyogenic granuloma ( or pregnancy tumour ) seems to be common in the conceiving female population. Pregnancy unwritten tumours are vascular lesions caused by increased Lipo-Lutin in combination with local thorns and bacteriums. Lesions are typically erythematous, smooth, and lobulated ; they are located chiefly on the gum. The lingua, roof of the mouth, or buccal mucous membrane may besides be involved. Pregnancy tumours are most common after the first trimester, turn quickly, and typically recede after bringing. Management is normally experimental unless the tumours bleed, interfere with chew, or do non decide after bringing. Lesions surgically removed during gestation are likely to repeat [ 10 ] . Loose ( Mobile ) Teeth: Dentitions can loosen during gestation, even in the absence of gum disease, because of increased degrees of Lipo-Lutin and estrogen impacting the periodontium ( i.e. , the ligaments and bone that support the dentition ) [ 1 ] . For unsophisticated loose dentitions non associated with periodontic disease, doctors should reassure patients that the status is impermanent, and entirely it will non do tooth loss [ 11 ] . Gingivitis: Gingivitis is the most common unwritten disease in gestation in such state of affairss. It is redness of the superficial gum tissue. During gestation, gingivitis is aggravated by fluctuations in estrogen and Lipo-Lutin degrees in combination with alterations in unwritten vegetations and a reduced immune response, therefore cut downing the organic structure ‘s ability to mend and keep gingival tissue [ 12 ] . Thorough unwritten hygiene steps, including tooth brushing and flossing, are recommended. Patients with terrible gingivitis may necessitate professional cleansing and demand to utilize mouth rinses such as chlorhexidine. Periodontal disease: Periodontal disease is a destructive redness of the periodontium impacting many adult females of childbearing age. The procedure involves bacterial infiltration of the periodontium. Toxins produced by the bacteriums stimulate a chronic inflammatory response, and the periodontium is broken down and destroyed, making pockets that become septic. Finally, the dentition loosen. This procedure can bring on perennial bacteraemia, which indirectly triggers the hepatic ague stage response, ensuing in production of cytokines, prostaglandins ( i.e. , PGE2 ) , and interleukins ( i.e. , IL-6, IL-8 ) , all of which can impact gestation [ 13 ] . Elevated degrees of these inflammatory markers have been found in the amnionic fluid of adult females with periodontal disease and preterm birth compared with healthy control patients [ 14 ] . In one survey, research workers found minimum unwritten bacteriums in the amnionic fluid and placenta of adult females with preterm labor and periodontal disease [ 15 ] . It seems likely that this inflammatory cascade entirely prematurely initiates labors due to early uterine contractions. The mechanism is thought to be similar for low birth weight ; the release of PGE2 restricts placental blood flow and causes placental mortification and attendant intrauterine growing limitation [ 16 ] . PRENATAL Guidance Prenatal unwritten wellness reding for parents is an of import factor because infant unwritten wellness begins at this phase. The chief aim is to bring forth consciousness among parents about dental disease, its bar and the agencies to supply a suited environment for the kid to develop. Prospective parents need to cognize that antenatal appraisal and instruction are indispensable to the unwritten wellness of their kid. Prenatal appraisal includes unwritten wellness position of the parent. If the parents are at hazard, the tooth doctor should supply preventative intervention and educate them on good plaque control, followed by Restorations if required and discourse the transmissibility of Mutans streptococci from the female parent to the baby. Parents should be monitored on a regular footing to guarantee effectual unwritten hygiene and dietetic wonts have been established. Improvement of the female parent ‘s unwritten hygiene, diet and the usage of oral cavity rinses can hold a important impact on the kid ‘s cavities rate in the hereafter [ 17 ] . Anticipatory counsel: Anticipatory counsel is the procedure of supplying practical, developmentally appropriate information about kids ‘s wellness to fix parents for the important physical, emotional and psychological mileposts. Anticipatory counsel involves three types of undertakings: ( I ) assemblage information, ( two ) set uping a curative confederation, and ( three ) supplying instruction and counsel. General prevenient counsel for the female parent includes the undermentioned [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] : ( a ) Education refering development and bar of dental disease and besides presentation of unwritten hygiene processs. ( B ) Reding to instil preventative attitudes and motive. ( degree Celsius ) Supplying information to pregnant adult females about gestation gingivitis ( redness of the gum caused by an exacerbated response to dental plaque, related to hormonal alterations during gestation ) . With gingivitis, the gums become inflamed, conceited, sensitive and tend to shed blood. Signs of gingivitis may go apparent in the 2nd trimester and extremum during the 9th month of gestation. ( vitamin D ) Visiting a tooth doctor for an scrutiny and Restoration of all active decay every bit shortly as executable and to diminish opportunities of developing gestation gingivitis. ( vitamin E ) Eating healthy nutrients such as fruits, veggies, grain merchandises ( particularly whole grain ) , and dairy merchandises ( milk, cheese ) during repasts and bites. Limit eating between repasts. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Eating nutrients incorporating merely sugar at mealtimes, and restricting the sum. Frequent ingestion of nutrients high in sugar additions the hazard for tooth decay. In add-on, frequent ingestion of nutrients that easy adhere to the tooth surface, such as dried fruit and confect, increase the hazard for tooth decay. ( g ) Brushing teeth exhaustively twice a twenty-four hours ( after breakfast and before bed ) with fluoridated toothpaste and flossing day-to-day. ( H ) Rinsing every dark with an alcohol-free, nonprescription fluoridated mouth rinse. ( I ) Not smoking coffin nails or masticating baccy. DENTAL PROCEDURES DURING PREGNANCY Every pregnant adult female should be assessed for dental hygiene wonts, unwritten jobs ( e.g. , cavities, gingivitis ) , and entree to dental attention [ 11 ] . Conversely, inauspicious gestation outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and pre-eclampsia, occur in adult females who have non received intervention. Good unwritten wellness during gestation is of import to the overall wellness of both anticipant female parents and their babes. Relevant information sing the type of dental intervention that can be undertaken may be summarized as follows [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] : First trimester: It is the most important period for growing of fetus. Merely exigency dental intervention should be undertaken in audience with the patient ‘s doctor when organogenesis is uncomplete. Second and 3rd trimester: Emergency every bit good as elected dental intervention can be provided. The 3rd trimester presents the extra jobs of positional uncomfortableness and the hazard of vein caval compaction. Prop uping a adult female on her left side, shifting frequently, and maintaining visits brief can cut down jobs [ 20 ] . Postponing dental attention until after bringing can be debatable because new female parents are focused on the attention of their neonates and may hold alveolar consonant insurance merely during gestation [ 13 ] . Plaque diet control plans are initiated for female parent throughout gestation. Screening and Prevention: Oral scrutiny should include the dentitions, gums, lingua, roof of the mouth, and mucous membrane. Patients should be counselled to execute everyday brushing and flossing, to avoid inordinate sums of sugary bites and drinks, and to confer with a tooth doctor. Status of and programs for unwritten wellness should be documented. Many tooth doctors are reported to be loath to handle pregnant adult females [ 21 ] . Physicians and tooth doctors can get the better of this state of affairs through instruction, clear communicating, and the development of ongoing collaborative relationships. Doctors can portion information on the safety of dental intervention in gestation with dental co-workers and supply clear referral recommendations. Diagnosis: Dental skiagraphy may be performed in gestation for acute diagnostic intents [ 22 ] . When possible, skiagraphy should be delayed until after the first trimester. Screening skiagraphy should be deferred until after bringing. Modern fast movie, turning away of retakes, and usage of lead aprons and thyroid shields all bound hazard. The teratogenic hazard of radiation exposure from unwritten movies is 1,000 times less than the natural hazard of self-generated abortion or deformity [ 21 ] . Medicines for Dental processs: Local anaesthetics such as Lidocaine ( Xylocaine ) and prilocaine ( Citanest ) mixed with adrenaline are safe for processs when dosed suitably [ 23 ] . Sedatives such as benzodiazepines ( e.g. , Versed ) , lorazepam ( Ativan ) and triazolam ( Halcion ) should be avoided. Azotic oxide is non rated and its usage in gestation is controversial [ 24 ] . Periodontic Therapy: A randomized controlled test of 870 adult females with pregnancy-associated gingivitis found that intervention ( ie, plaque control, grading, and daily rinsing with 0.12 % chlorhexidine ) and care ( ie, unwritten hygiene direction and manual supragingival plaque remotion every 2 to 3 hebdomads until bringing ) significantly reduced the preterm birth or LBW rate [ 25 ] . Renewing Dentistry: Amalgam, a mixture of 50 % metallic quicksilver and other metals, has advantages over other renewing stuffs ; nevertheless, there is concern that quicksilver can be released as vapor, ions, or all right atoms, which can be inhaled or ingested. Surveies and instance studies of amalgam exposure during gestation have non documented any toxicity, including birth defects, neurologic sequelae, self-generated abortions, or decrease in birthrate [ 26 ] . A longitudinal rating of renewing stuffs employed in a minimum renewing intercession attack of 81 high caries-active pregnant adult females demonstrated that extremely syrupy glass ionomer cement applied in a minimum intercession attack provided high-quality preventative and renewing attention. The complex was employed in pits exposed to lower emphasis, such as in the anterior dentitions [ 27 ] . Dental Extraction: Tooth extraction during gestation seems to be a common thing. The many hormonal alterations during gestation cause many pregnant adult females to hold jobs that they did n't hold before they became pregnant. One of the things that happen is that the gum is much more sensitive to annoyance. They swell, become inflamed, turn ruddy, bleed and are frequently painful. These reactions are to the plaque environing the dentition. It is really common to hold gum job around a wisdom tooth and the surrounding gums merely acquire more aggravated while a adult female is pregnant. This is the primary ground that tooth extraction during gestation is non an uncommon experience.A Of class, tooth doctors would prefer to avoid tooth extraction during gestation. However, the best involvements of the kid must be thought of excessively. A female parent that is in changeless hurting while transporting a kid is emphasizing out her organic structure. This is likely non healthy for the kid. A tooth extraction process nowadays is really soft and many patients are non even aware that their tooth has been removed. Root Canal Treatment: Many pregnant adult females are concerned about the effects of a root canal process to their fetus. Obstetricians suggest that it is best to avoid exposing the developing babe to any hazards, even if they are minimum. Unfortunately, it is non the same to prorogue a root canal intervention as it is to prorogue a dentition whitening process. If the tooth doctor recommends a root canal during gestation, the hazards are associated with: Pain: Dentition that need root canal therapy are normally accompanied by terrible odontalgia. Continuous hurting during gestation can be a truly nerve-racking status with potentially negative effects to the female parent and fetus. Infection: The conditions when a root canal is recommended during gestation ever affect tooth infection. If the infection is left untreated for a long clip, the infection can distribute throughout the organic structure doing terrible complications. This is a status that will set a gestation into important danger. A safer attack to a root canal intervention during gestation: Obstetricians consider the first trimester as the most important for the development of the fetus. Any non-emergency dental work in the 1st trimester should be postponed until the 2nd trimester, to avoid all possible hazards. If needed the tooth doctor can open an abscessed tooth to let drainage and hurting alleviation, and clean the mush country every bit good as possible. Subsequently, when gestation enters the 2nd trimester, an X ray can be taken to let the completion of the root canal intervention. The same process can be followed for a job during the 3rd trimester ; concluding intervention is postponed until after the birth, if possible. Management of Acute Dental conditions: If mild cellulitis is present, penicillin, Amoxil, and Keflex are sensible first-line antibiotics. Erythromycin base ( non erythromycin estolate, which is associated with cholestatic hepatitis in gestation ) or clindamycin ( Cleocin ) can be used in the type 1 hypersensitivity penicillin-allergic patient. For terrible cellulitis, the patient should be hospitalized and treated with endovenous Mefoxins or clindamycin. To pull off dental hurting, Datril is the drug of pick ; isobutylphenyl propionic acid and limited usage of oxycodone are appropriate [ 11 ] . PREVENTIVE METHODS Although a figure of non-invasive preventative intercessions, traditional wellness instruction remains the gilded criterion for presenting the message to promote parents to subscribe to these preventative intercessions. By â€Å" traditional wellness instruction, † which means advice-giving Sessionss conducted by professionals and/or the airing of information via booklets, postings and media runs. Unfortunately, such attacks are non effectual [ 28 ] . Weinstein & A ; co workers, after biennial consequences of controlled test suggested that motivational interviewing ( MI ) guidance has a positive consequence on kids ‘s dental wellness that is greater than that of traditional wellness instruction [ 29 ] . The antimicrobic intervention ( topical application of Na fluoride ( NaF ) and iodine solution instantly after prophylaxis and 3 and 5 yearss subsequently ) for the pregnant female parent, 6 and 12 months after bringing had greater influence by cut downing the acquisition of MS from the female parent to the kids [ 30 ] . Kohler et Al ( 1994 ) used chlorhexidine ( CHX ) in female parents with a high degree of MS in spit and found that there is a decrease in the MS degree of spit of the female parent and besides had a long-run consequence on the MS colonisation and besides on the cavities experience of the kid [ 31 ] . A 30 month survey to measure the effectivity of a cavities preventative government ( 0.05 % Na fluoride and 0.12 % chlorhexidine oral cavity rinse everyday during 6 months of gestation till 24 months after bringing ) showed promising consequences on utilizing combination of fluoride and chlorhexidine [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . Fluoride is the most widely known and accepted anti-caries agent available, and chlorhexidine is the most widely used plaque-inhibitory compound33. These agents have wholly different mechanisms of action, and their combined disposal produces a synergic consequence on mutans streptococci [ 33 ] . Xylitol and chlorhexidine lower maternal unwritten bacterial burden and cut down transmittal of bacteriums to babies when used tardily in gestation and/or in the postpartum period. Both topical agents are safe in gestation and during suckling [ 34 ] . Surveies have used different dosing degrees, and the optimum dosage for consistent bar is ill-defined. Long-run usage of high-dose xylitol mastication gums had good effects on plaque pH, and that this consequence was statistically greater when utilizing xylitol masticating gums, both on plaque pH and MS salivary concentration [ 35 ] . Decision Dental intervention is indispensable for optimum unwritten wellness, which extends to pregnancy. Routine dental visits can include the usage of X raies, unwritten prophylaxis, Restorations, interventional interventions like root canal interventions, periodontic surgeries and extractions because utilizing local anesthetics during gestation have non been found to be associated with an increased hazard to the developing fetus. Conversely, inauspicious gestation outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and pre-eclampsia, occur in adult females who have non received intervention. However, gestation is a clip when adult females may be more motivated to do healthy alterations. Gynecologists and doctors can turn to maternal unwritten issues, potentially cut downing the hazard of preterm birth and childhood cavities through unwritten disease bar, diagnosing, early direction, and dental referral.

Social Class Importance

How important do you think social class is in An Inspector Calls and how does Priestly present ideas about social class? Throughout the play the theme of social class is shown through all of the characters and enables the audience to see the The theme of social class is most apparent through the character of Arthur Birling, his ignorant and selfish personality has evidently been very much shaped by the money and success which he has attained through his role as the town mayor.However although Arthur Birling’s earlier life are not mentioned in the play it is evident to the audience that Mr. Birling is not a member of the higher class because of his family, but solely by his work and the money he has received. This is shown as Mr Birling finds himself being corrected by his wife, his social superior.When Mr Birling requests that the cook is to be thanked for the meal Mrs Birling almost immediately responds â€Å"Arthur, you’re not supposed to say such things†, the fact that Mr Birling has to be corrected by his wife about the way he acts and speaks almost mirrors the relationship bet ween a mother and child as though Mrs Birling is teaching Mr Birling the correct way to act as a member of a higher class, magnifying the fact that Mr Birling evidently wasn’t taught these as a child again showing his true social standing. The theme of social class is also shown through the character of Sheila.Sheila is a character whom takes advantage of the social standing which she holds and thinks because of this that she holds power over others. This is shown in Act One when she recalls being in a â€Å"furious temper† when she was in the department store Millwards where she is a frequent customer, she informs the inspector of the scene where she apparently saw Eva Smith smiling when Sheila tried on a dress. Sheila then takes advantage of the social standing which she hold and orders the store to dismiss the girl or she would â€Å"persuade mother to close [their] account with them†.The fact that the social class that the characters are presented with cause s them to make arrogant and selfish decisions is important throughout the play as it allows the audience to feel no sympathy towards the Birling’s and also allows the audience to see the division between different members of the family and the changes that they make. Mrs Birling is the social superior to the rest of the Birling family and often finds herself correcting the rest of the family members.However, she is also seen by the audience as very similar to the rest of the family as her ignorant and selfish persona shows through, when he is made aware of the death of Eva Smith/Daisy Renton, instead of showing remorse or sadness she refers to Eva/Daisy as â€Å"that girl† revealing Mrs Birling’s selfish and arrogant characteristics, the use of social class here is important as it shows the clear difference between the elder and younger generations where she is called â€Å"that† girl by an elder member of the family but â€Å"poor girl† by Sheila, a younger member showing how the behaviour of the family differs through the ages of the family.

Manifest Destinys meaning to American expansion

Manifest Destinys meaning to American expansion Manifest Destiny was a term that came to describe a widespread belief in the middle of the 19th century that the United States had a special mission to expand westward. The specific phrase was originally used in print by a journalist, John L. OSullivan, when writing about the proposed annexation of Texas. OSullivan, writing in the Democratic Review newspaper in July 1845, asserted our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. He was essentially saying the United States possessed a right granted by God to take territory in the West and install its values and system of government. That concept was not especially new, as Americans had already been exploring and settling westward, first across the Appalachian Mountains in the late 1700s, and then, in the early 1800s, beyond the Mississippi River. But by presenting the concept of westward expansion as something of a religious mission, the idea of manifest destiny struck a chord. Though the phrase manifest destiny may seem to have captured the public mood of the mid-19th century, it was not viewed with universal approval. Some at the time thought it was simply putting pseudo-religious polish on blatant avarice and conquest. Writing in the late 19th century, future president Theodore Roosevelt, referred to the concept of taking property in furtherance of manifest destiny as having been belligerent, or more properly speaking, piratical. The Push Westward The idea of expanding into the West had always been attractive, since settlers including Daniel Boone moved inland, across the Appalachians, in the 1700s. Boone had been instrumental in the establishment of what became known as the Wilderness Road, which led through the Cumberland Gap into the lands of Kentucky. And American politicians in the early 19th century, such as Henry Clay of Kentucky, eloquently made the case that the future of America lay westward. A severe financial crisis in 1837 emphasized the notion that the United States needed to expand its economy. And political figures such as Senator Thomas H. Benton of Missouri, made the case that settling along the Pacific would greatly enable trade with India and China. The Polk Administration The president most associated with the concept of manifest destiny is James K. Polk, whose single term in the White House was focused on the acquisition of California and Texas. Its worth nothing that Polk had been nominated by the Democratic Party, which was generally closely associated with expansionist ideas in the decades before the Civil War. And a Polk campaign slogan in the 1844 campaign, Fifty-four forty or fight, was a specific reference to expanding into the Northwest. What was meant by the slogan was that the border between the United States and British territory to the north would be at north latitude 54 degrees and 40 minutes. Polk got the votes of the expansionists by threatening to go to war with Britain to acquire territory. But after he was elected he negotiated the border at 49 degrees north latitude. Polk thus secured the territory that today is the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming and Montana. The American desire to expand into the Southwest was also satisfied during Polks term in office as the Mexican War resulted in the United States acquiring Texas and California. By pursuing a policy of manifest destiny, Polk could be considered the most successful president of the seven men who struggled in the office in the two decades before the Civil War.  In that period between 1840 and 1860, when most occupants of the White House couldnt point to any real achievements, Polk had managed to greatly increase the territory of the nation. Controversy of Manifest Destiny Though no serious opposition to westward expansion developed, the policies of Polk and the expansionists were criticized in some quarters. Abraham Lincoln, for instance, while serving as a one-term Congressman in the late 1840s, was opposed to the Mexican War, which he believed was a pretext for expansion. And in the decades following the acquisition of western territory, the concept of manifest destiny has been continually analyzed and debated. In modern times, the concept has often been viewed in terms of what it meant to the native populations of the American West, which were, of course, displaced or even eliminated by expansionist policies of the United States government. The lofty tone which John L. OSullivan intended when he used the term has not carried into the modern era.

Psychoanalytic theories Essay Example

Psychoanalytic theories Essay Example Psychoanalytic theories Paper Psychoanalytic theories Paper Countertransference is a complex term that describes the constellation of the therapist’s reactions to the patient. Initially, Freud described this phenomenon and conceptualized it as the transference of the therapist’s unresolved conflicts onto the patient (Slipp, 1999). According to his view and the emphasis he placed on the therapist’s neutrality, he considered countertransference a negative reaction which may hinder the therapeutic process (Gelso, 2001). Later psychoanalytic theories, however, including object relations theory, moved their focus from the intrapsychic to the interpersonal arena and suggested that countertransference originates from the interaction between therapist and patient, encompassing both the patient’s projections and the therapist’s reactions (Slipp, 1999). With this new conceptualization, countertransference emerged as a significant therapeutic parameter with both positive and negative aspects. Research has shown that unmanaged countertransference feelings may be acted out, thus having a detrimental effect on the outcome of therapy, even leading to early termination. In contrast, when countertranference is recognized and worked through, it can be useful for therapy (Heyes, 2007). Obtaining awareness of these reactions is a prerequisite for preventing them from contaminating the therapeutic alliance and the whole treatment process. Given that countertransference is partly constructed by the patient’s undesired projections, its detection may widen the therapist’s understanding of the patient’s inner world. In addition, the therapist’s reactions can be viewed as a model for the reactions of the significant others towards the patient in real life and his associated interpersonal difficulties. This is especially important in the case of personality disorders, where maladaptive patterns of interactions are perpetuated and are the source of major suffering. Treating these patients commonly triggers strong countertransference feelings, whose resolution may provide useful insight in those patients’ damaged psyche. References Slipp, S. (1999) Countertransference issues in psychiatric treatment. Washington D. C.. American Psychiatric Press. Gelso, C. Hayes, J. (2001). Countertransference management. Psychotherapy, Vol 38 (4), 418-422. Hayes, J. A. , Yeh, Y. J. % Eisenberg, A. (2007). Good grief and not-so-good grief: Countertransference in bereavement therapy. J Clin Psychol, Vol 63, 345-355.

Science lab Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Science lab - Assignment Example Between 1900 and 2000 the world’s population increased by six billion and industrialization was at its peak (Wright & Boorse, 2010). Vast piece of land has been cleared to accommodate settlement and agriculture. All this contributed to 90% decline in ground water. The trend of environmental degradation came to limelight in 1962 when Rachael Carson wrote a book called silent spring. Later, in 1972 report named limit to growth and another known as our common future in 1987 by Brundtland commission were published (Wright & Boorse, 2010). It was due to these three major publications that influenced the adoption of the ideology knows as sustainable development. For clear evidence of the previous state of the environment, it was mandatory I review map and analyze them. The satellite vegetation maps showing the vegetation cover from 1800 to date and human settlements map over the same duration of time was a fundamental source of data for this study. Further, geological data on the trend of ground water was also influential in this study. Therefore, the major method of date collection was map reading and analysis. In 1900 through to 2000, the world population has increased by six billion. Because of the high population increase, there was the need to find means to fend for the need of this large number, which led to clearing of forest by 90% to create space for settlement and cultivation. It was also during this time that the European countries and America engaged in high industrial activities, which tremendously impacted on the environment. Forest cover, which plays a role in enhancing hydrological cycle had reduced, meaning that rain had also reduced (Wright & Boorse, 2010). In this line, the amount of water that percolated through the soil profile to recharge the ground water was reduced by half. Since the developments of environmental policies, there have been attempts to reverse the damage that happened in 1900. In this pursuit, forest

The Gala Event at Four Points by Sheraton, Darling Harbour Essay

The Gala Event at Four Points by Sheraton, Darling Harbour - Essay Example The objective is to boost the morale of the employees and the stakeholders to achieve even higher growth. With this in mind, the even logo we suggest is the symbol of â€Å"ladder† which shall be maintained at all locations, transport, hotels rooms, convention center, dining hall or wherever the group would be moving. The stakeholders that would be arriving from outstation need special consideration. To ensure maximum participation, there has to be something exciting for the guests to look forward to. The invitation itself would have to stir their imagination and make them expect something different from the usual dinners and conferences. To generate a positive emotional response, a mystical invitation would be sent out. The symbol of the ladder would serve to show heights not just in the physical life but would indicate that the event would transport them to greater heights. To ensure they have a pleasant experience at the hotel, all arrangements would be in alignment with individual needs. The invitation would carry a form with simple questions seeking their choices in certain requirements which would be provided in their rooms. The rooms too would have the symbol of the ladder and the dà ©cor would emanate a WOW from them. We can assure they would carry the memories of the event at their subco nscious level and would remember it for a very long time. Importance of site selection and venue inspection is an important part of any event planning process. Importance has not been given only to the aesthetics or physical appeal of the venue but the facilities combined with relaxation have been considered. The venue is rich in character and meets the specific business or personal needs. The location of the event has been chosen as the clients want the dinner and accommodation to be at the same location. Australia’s largest hotel, Four Points by Sheraton is ideally located and has 650 rooms and 45 suites. Thirty suites and seventy rooms will be provided.